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Fig. 5

Fig. 5 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text.

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The interpulse interval along a scan path lies in the sub-microsecond range, whereas inter-track intervals occur on the millisecond scale. A) Symmetric spacing increases the likelihood of bubble interference, as it does not exploit the spatial and temporal separation domains that limit pulse–bubble interactions. B) Asymmetric spacing minimizes consecutive spot overlap, reducing bubble interference from residual cavitation activity. The longer inter-track intervals allow cavitation bubbles to fully expand and dissipate before pulses from adjacent lines arrive. Here, individual cavitation events (bubbles 1, 2, 3, …, n) are illustrated using distinct colors to indicate their sequential generation.

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