Table 2
The features of holographic 3D display, optical illusion display, projection stereoscopic display, floating 3D display and light field 3D display [23–66].
| Technology | Principle | Technical Mechanism | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holographic 3D Display | Coherent light interference for full optical wavefront recording and reconstruction | Laser-based phase modulation; Digital holography with spatial light modulators (SLMs); Optical wavefront manipulation | True 3D depth without eyewear; High spatial resolution | High computational power requirement; Viewing-angle sensitivity; Coherence noise vulnerability; High hardware costs (high-resolution SLMs, lasers); Limited commercialization |
| Optical Illusion Display | Controlled light path manipulation for stereoscopic illusion | Specular optical illusion; Rotating fan; Pepper’s ghost; Binocular parallax | Cost-effective implementation; Simple deployment; Museum/exhibition/ signage and stage performance applicability | Absence of actual depth information; Limited viewing angles; Critical alignment requirements (mirrors/screens) |
| Projection Stereoscopic Display | Large-scale projection on curved/water/fog screens for binocular parallax | Projection imaging | Moderate depth perception; Low-cost and simple implementation; Large-format capability | Low resolution; Brightness and color reproduction issues |
| Floating 3D Display | Free-standing mid-air volumetric image formation | Drones; Plasma; Acoustic wave imaging | True volumetric 3D display; 360° viewing angles | High cost and power consumption; Brightness and color reproduction issues |
| Light Field 3D Display | Light field capture and reconstruction for multi-view rendering | Light field data acquisition; Optical depth mapping; 3D image reconstruction; light field 3D displays | Dynamic viewpoint control; Enhanced interactivity; Cross-domain applications (e.g., art exhibitions, advertising, display, and entertainment) | High equipment costs; Data processing complexity; Resolution constraints; Content creation challenges; Limited market acceptance; Lack of standardization |
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