Research Article

Negative-refractive-index behavior in a periodic photonic metamaterial: unit-cell topology tailoring for broadband response

¹ Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
² Department of Physics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye

^* Corresponding author. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 21 January 2026
Accepted: 24 February 2026

Abstract

This paper examines how systematic control of unit-cell topology governs dispersion characteristics and bandwidth stability in configured periodic structures with numerical simulations. Distinct from the existing literature, the study targets a negative refractive index over a broad frequency range, while neural network–based optimization is used as a supporting tool to efficiently guide for bandwidth maximization. Comprehensive analysis is employed to optimize bandwidth effectively and validate the applicability of the resulting low-dispersion periodic structures. For the optimized unit cell, the third photonic band spans a wavelength range 1388–1631 nm (after model enhancement 1429–1578 nm) covering the S, C, and L optical communication bands, demonstrating broadband and stable dispersive behavior beyond a narrow resonance regime. The obtained results are thus expected to enhance the performance of negative-index based photonic components used in optical and photonic communication systems, compact antenna architectures, and advanced material engineering.