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Fig. 1

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Four coordinate frames are frequently used in geometrical optics: (xyz)0, (xyz), (xyz)e, and (xyz)n. These frames are referred to as the world coordinate frame, coordinate frame attached to the entrance pupil, coordinate frame attached to the exit pupil, and coordinate frame attached to the image plane, respectively. It is also shown that the entrance and exit pupils, image plane are located at (0, 0, z), (0, 0, ze), and (0, 0, zn), respectively, defined by (xyz)0.

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